Introduction to PHY Layer Techniques for 5G

5G Physical Layer (PHY) techniques are core technologies enabling high speeds, low latency, and massive connectivity by using flexible OFDM waveforms, advanced Multi-Antenna (MIMO/Beamforming), new channel coding (LDPC, Polar), and flexible numerologies for diverse spectrums (sub-6GHz to mmWave). Key elements include beamforming for directed energy, massive MIMO for spectral efficiency, flexible OFDM for varied services, and new channel coding for robust error correction, all designed for scalability and forward compatibility across wide frequency ranges.