A joint design of both sensing and communication can lead to substantial enhancement for both subsystems in terms of size and cost as well as spectrum and hardware efficiency. In the last decade, integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) has emerged as a means to efficiently utilize the spectrum on a single and shared hardware platform. 

Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC) has been identified as a pillar usage scenario for the impending 6G era. Bi-static sensing, a major type of sensing in ISAC, is promising to expedite ISAC in the near future, as it requires minimal changes to the existing network infrastructure. However, a critical challenge for bi-static sensing is clock asynchronism due to the use of different clocks at far-separated transmitters and receivers.

This paper addresses the topic of integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) in 5G and emerging 6G wireless networks. ISAC systems operate within shared, congested or even contested spectrum, aiming to deliver high performance in both wireless communications and radio frequency (RF) sensing. The expected benefits include more efficient utilization of spectrum, power, hardware (HW) and antenna resources.

In-band full-duplex (FD) multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems offer a significant opportunity for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) due to their capability to realize simultaneous signal transmissions and receptions. This feature has been recently exploited to devise spectrum-efficient simultaneous information transmission and monostatic sensing operations, a line of research typically referred to as MIMO FD-ISAC.