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The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is considered to be a quintessential data preprocessing tool in many machine learning applications. But the high dimensionality and massive scale of data in several of these applications means the traditional centralized PCA solutions are fast becoming irrelevant for them. 

Privacy issues and communication costs are both major concerns in distributed optimization in networks. There is often a tradeoff between them because encryption methods used for privacy-preservation often introduce significant communication overhead.

In past decades, conventional communication primarily focused on how to accurately and effectively transmit symbols, which is categorized as the first level of communications by Shannon and Weaver. With the developments of cellular communication systems, the achieved transmission rate is gradually approaching to the Shannon limit.